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The Tanana Athabaskans, Tanana Athabascans or Tanana Athapaskans are an Alaskan Athabaskan peoples of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the Tanana River (in Tanana languages ''Tth'itu' '', literally "straight water", in Koyukon language ''Tene No' '', literally "trail water") drainage basin in east-central Alaska Interior, United States and a little part (White River First Nation) lived in Yukon, Canada. Tanana River Athabaskan peoples are called in Lower Tanana and Koyukon language ''Ten Hʉt'ænæ'' (literally "trail people"), in Gwich'in language ''Tanan Gwich'in'' (literally "people of Tanana River").〔James Kari (1996). (Names as Signs: 'Stream' and 'Mountain' in Alaska Athabaskan Languages ). In ''Athabaskan Papers in Honor of Robert W. Young'', edited by L. Jelinek, K. Rice, and L. Saxon. Pp 443–476. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.〕 In Alaska, where they are the oldest, there are three〔(The Map of Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Alaska )〕 or four〔Holton, Gary. 2010. Behind the Map: The reification of indigenous language boundaries in Alaska. Working Papers in Athabaskan Languages, ed. by S. Tuttle & J. Spence, 75–87. (Alaska Native Language Center Working Papers 8). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Fairbanks.〕〔(Alaska Native Collections: Region Map )〕 groups identified by the languages they speak. These are the Tanana proper or Lower Tanana (''Kokht'ana'') and/or Middle Tanana, Tanacross or Tanana Crossing (''Koxt'een''), and Upper Tanana (''Kohtʼiin''). The Tanana Athabaskan culture is an hunter-gatherer culture and have a matrilineal system. Tanana Athabaskans were semi-nomadic and as living in semi-permanent settlements in the Tanana Valley lowlands. Traditional Athabaskan land use includes fall hunting of moose, caribou, Dall sheep, and small terrestrial animals, and also trapping. The Athabaskans did not have any formal tribal organization. Tanana Athabaskans were strictly territorial and used hunting and gathering practices in their semi-nomadic way of life and dispersed habitation patterns. Each small band of 20–40 people normally had a central winter camp with several seasonal hunting and fishing camps, and they moved cyclically, depending on the season and availability of resources.〔Terry L. Haynes and William E. Simeone (2007). (Upper Tanana ethnographic overview and assessment, Wrangell St. Elias National Park and Preserve ). Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Technical Paper Number 325. (overview of Alaska Native history and culture in the upper Tanana region in eastern interior Alaska focuses on the predominantly Northern Athabascan Indian villages of Dot Lake, Healy Lake, Northway, Tanacross, and Tetlin.'' )〕〔Anne Shinkwin and Martha Case (1984). (Modern Foragers: Wild resource use in Nenana village, Alaska ). Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Technical Paper Number 91.〕〔Libby Halpin (1987). (Living off the land: contemporary subsistence in Tetlin, Alaska ). Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. Technical Paper Number 149.〕〔Alaska Native Knowledge Network: (Athabascans of Interior Alaska: 4th Grade Social Studies Unit: Appendix A ). Written by Patricia H. Partnow〕〔(Celebrating Alaska Natives and Alaskan Indian Communities : Athabascan Indians )〕 Their neighbors are other Athabaskan-speaking peoples: in Alaska Koyukon (north and northwest), Gwich'in (north and northeast), Hän (northeast), Dena'ina (a little part of southwest), and Ahtna (south); in Canada Hän (northeast) and Northern and Southern Tutchone (east).〔 The language of the Upper Kuskokwim people more closely related to Lower Tanana language, but not neighbor. ==Bands== The homeland of the Tanana Athabaskan people can be generally divided into four distinct sections. 1) the Yukon Tanana upland draining to the Tanana River, 2) the Northway-Tanacross Lowlands, 3) the Eastern Alaskan range draining into the Tanana river, and 4) the Northern foothills.〔dice.missouri.edu: (Tanana Description )〕 The Goodpaster River (is a 91 miles (146 km) tributary of the Tanana River) to be a natural break in the Tanana Athabaskan language area, separating upriver speakers of the Tanacross and Upper Tanana languages from the Lower (and Middle) Tanana speakers living farther downriver.〔〔McKennan, Robert A. 1969. Athabascan grouping and social organization in Central Alaska. In ''Constributions to Anthropology: Band Societies''. David Damas, ed. pp 93–114. National Museum of Canada bulletin 228. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.〕 The Tanana Athabaskans have a system of matrilineal kinship.〔 The Athabaskans loosely recognized membership in a larger bilateral group called ''regional band'' (or ''dialect group''), but the more important social unit was the ''local band'' (or ''family group'' or ''family/hunting units''). In the winter, the regional band might split up into smaller units, called local bands, each one made up of perhaps four nuclear families. The regional band might meet again at a predetermined place and time in mid-winter for a gathering ceremony called a potlatch, and then split up again for beaver and muskrat trapping.〔 At the end of the 19th century there were twelve regional bands living in the Tanana Athabaskan homeland: 6 downriver bands (4 Lower Tanana and 2 Middle Tanana) and 6 upriver bands (2 Tanacross and 4 Upper Tanana). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tanana Athabaskans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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